254, equivalent to the offspring of a parent and child or a full sibling union. He was also extremely frail, suffering from chronic digestive issues and impotence, which resulted in the failure to produce an heir.
The Failure of Heirs: Understanding the Collapse of Inbred Habsburg Lineage
The most inbred Habsburg king is generally considered to be Charles II of Spain, the last ruler of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Studies suggest that Charles II had an inbreeding coefficient of approximately 0.
While other Habsburg rulers, such as Philip IV, also engaged in inbreeding, the concentration of recessive alleles reached its peak with Charles II. This led to a high coefficient of inbreeding over successive generations.
The Failure of Inbred Habsburg King Heirs and the Demise of a Dynasty
His inability to father a living heir triggered the War of the Spanish Succession, a massive European conflict that sought to determine the fate of the Spanish Empire. Nicknamed "The Bewitched," Charles II exhibited a constellation of genetic disorders that made him the most striking example of the dangers of royal inbreeding.
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