Before this, the landscape was dominated by conifers and ferns, but the Cretaceous saw the rise of the angiosperms, which co-evolved with insects, birds, and mammals, forming the basis of the complex food webs we recognize today. A revolutionary change was underway on land with the explosive diversification of flowering plants, or angiosperms.
How Volcanoes Sculpted the Cretaceous World
However, these rulers shared the land with a stunning array of other creatures: armored ankylosaurs, horned ceratopsians, and the first birds, which were just beginning to take flight, flapping alongside their pterosaur cousins in the skies. This geographic isolation was a primary driver of the Cretaceous’s extraordinary biodiversity.
North America was separated from Europe by the Tethys Ocean, and South America was just beginning its slow northward journey toward Central America. The Cretaceous World: A Greenhouse Planet Geologically, 100 million years ago places us squarely in the middle of the Cretaceous Period, an era that began roughly 145 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago.
How Volcanoes Sculpted the Cretaceous World
The supercontinent Pangaea had long since broken apart, but the major landmasses were still in a state of dramatic rearrangement. The most striking feature of this ancient world was its climate.
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