5-billion-year history, characterized by a greenhouse environment, continents in radical motion, and an unprecedented explosion of life. This botanical revolution provided new niches and food sources, fueling further evolutionary innovation.
Prehistoric Sea Monsters Ruling the Ancient Oceans 100 Mya
This intense warmth was driven by high concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, creating a potent greenhouse effect. Standing on the surface of the Earth today, it is easy to view the familiar landscapes, cities, and ecosystems as a fixed and permanent stage for life.
Marine reptiles like plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs patrolled the depths, while giant predatory fish like Xiphactinus ruled the waters. Polar regions were ice-free, and sea levels were exceptionally high, flooding continental interiors and creating vast, shallow inland seas that split continents like North America into isolated landmasses.
Prehistoric Sea Monsters of 100 Mya: Ruling the Ancient Oceans
The Shifting Continents: A Map in Flux The physical arrangement of the world’s continents was dramatically different. Terrestrial ecosystems were dominated by dinosaurs, ranging from the formidable predatory theropods to the colossal, long-necked sauropods.
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