The Shifting Continents: A Map in Flux The physical arrangement of the world’s continents was dramatically different. Polar regions were ice-free, and sea levels were exceptionally high, flooding continental interiors and creating vast, shallow inland seas that split continents like North America into isolated landmasses.
Dinosaurs Dominated the Cretaceous World 100 Million Years Ago
The most striking feature of this ancient world was its climate. Terrestrial ecosystems were dominated by dinosaurs, ranging from the formidable predatory theropods to the colossal, long-necked sauropods.
Antarctica, far from the frozen pole, was a temperate, forested landscape, hosting diverse flora and fauna that thrived in a climate more akin to modern-day Washington or southern Australia. Standing on the surface of the Earth today, it is easy to view the familiar landscapes, cities, and ecosystems as a fixed and permanent stage for life.
Dinosaurs Dominated the Cretaceous World 100 Million Years Ago
Before this, the landscape was dominated by conifers and ferns, but the Cretaceous saw the rise of the angiosperms, which co-evolved with insects, birds, and mammals, forming the basis of the complex food webs we recognize today. This botanical revolution provided new niches and food sources, fueling further evolutionary innovation.
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