Continentality and Distance from the Sea Its status as the world’s most landlocked country is a primary reason for Mongolia’s severity. The combination of these factors creates a climate that is not merely cold, but defined by a profound and penetrating winter.
How Siberia Drives Mongolia's Freezing Temperatures
Understanding why Mongolia is so cold requires looking beyond simple geography to examine its position on the planet, the forces that shape its weather, and the unique features of its landscape. Fresh snow has a high albedo, meaning it reflects up to 90% of the sun’s energy back into space.
The Dominance of the Siberian High During the cold months, Mongolia lies under the immense influence of the Siberian High, a vast area of high-pressure air that forms over the frozen tundra of Siberia. Acting as a巨大的热源 (a massive heat source) in the summer, it helps to pull in warmer air, but in the winter, it becomes a巨大的冷源 (a massive cold source).
How Siberia Drives Mongolia's Freezing Temperatures
The buffering effect of oceans, which stabilizes coastal climates, is entirely absent. The solar radiation that does arrive is spread over a much larger area and passes through more of the atmosphere, losing energy before it even reaches the ground.
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