The Bourbon monarchy that had replaced him was fragile, and European powers quickly declared war. Command Structure and Forces Engaged Coalition Force Key Commanders Approximate Strength Anglo-Allied Army Duke of Wellington 68,000 Prussian Army Gebhard von Blücher 45,000 French Army Emperor Napoleon I 72,000 The numerical disparity between the forces tells only part of the story.
Waterloo Prince of Orange Historical Context: Coalition Forces and Command Structure
As the day progressed, the French launched repeated infantry assaults against the allied center, each time facing disciplined volleys of musket fire that exacted a terrible toll. Napoleon understood that he had to act swiftly against these enemies before they could fully coordinate their efforts, leading to his invasion of the United Provinces in June 1815.
Decisive Moments and Cavalry Charges. The key to the allied position was a ridge running east to west, which Wellington used to his advantage by positioning his troops along its reverse slope.
Waterloo Prince of Orange Historical Context: Coalition Command and Battle Strategy
The Prussian contingent, though initially positioned further east, proved indispensable when Blücher’s forces marched through the night to arrive at the critical moment. The Course of the Battle The battle began shortly after dawn and continued well into the evening, a grueling twelve-hour contest of endurance.
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