The Book of Concord, published in 1580, served as the definitive collection of Lutheran confessions. The primary catalyst was the aggressive fundraising campaign led by Dominican friar Johann Tetzel, who promised salvation and relief from purgatory to those who purchased indulgences.
Lutheran Formation in 1523: The First Liturgy and the Birth of a New Church
This event is crucial in answering when the Lutheran Church was founded as a protected and official institution rather than a rebellious movement. The resolution came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg, which established the principle of *cuius regio, eius religio* (“whose realm, his religion”).
As Luther’s ideas spread, German princes saw an opportunity to assert political independence from the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholic hierarchy. The formal break occurred in 1521 when Pope Leo X issued the papal bull *Exsurge Domine*, demanding Luther recant.
Lutheran Formation in 1523 with the First Liturgy
Theological clarity solidified the Lutheran identity beyond mere political separation. The Schmalkaldic War demonstrated the military power of the Lutheran states, but it also led to internal tensions.
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