Once collected, these cells are placed in a nutrient-rich growth medium containing phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a substance that stimulates cell division. Once the slides are air-dried, they are stained using G-banding techniques.
Karyotype Staining Techniques Stepwise
This process creates a unique pattern of light and dark bands, allowing for the precise identification of each chromosome pair. Unlike more specific molecular tests, karyotyping offers a broad survey of genomic integrity, making it the first-line test for conditions like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and certain types of leukemia.
A karyotype provides a visual map of the chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and banding pattern. Following the hypotonic shock, the cells are fixed in a Carnoy's solution—a mixture of methanol and acetic acid.
Stepwise Karyotype Staining Techniques for Clear Banding Patterns
To achieve this arrest, a chemical agent called colchicine or colcemid is introduced to the culture. In prenatal cases, amniotic fluid or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is used to extract fetal cells.
More About How is a karyotype prepared
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