Primary Infectious Triggers The origin of the systemic inflammatory response is almost always an infection, and the type of pathogen plays a significant role in the clinical presentation and trajectory. Bacterial Sources Gram-negative bacteria, such as *Escherichia coli* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, are notorious for releasing endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which trigger a massive cytokine release.
Fungal Infections as a Trigger for Septic Shock
Genetic polymorphisms in the immune system, such as variations in toll-like receptors (TLRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types, can determine whether an individual mounts an appropriate response or an exaggerated one. Gram-positive organisms, including *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, produce exotoxins that similarly wreak havoc on the vascular system.
" This results in massive vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and myocardial depression. Unlike localized infections, sepsis involves a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that can cause more harm than the infection itself.
Fungal Infections as a Trigger for Septic Shock
Additionally, patients with inherent immunodeficiencies or those on immunosuppressive therapies, such as chemotherapy or corticosteroids, have a diminished capacity to contain the infection, allowing the etiology to progress unchecked to the vascular stage. Host Genetic and Physiological Factors Not everyone exposed to the same pathogen will develop septic shock, indicating that host factors are central to the etiology.
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