Furthermore, the 86th Amendment Act of 2002 made free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 a fundamental right, while the 103rd Amendment provided for 10% reservation for economically weaker sections, demonstrating the Constitution's continued evolution to address contemporary inequalities. The Mechanism of Constitutional Change The procedure for altering the Constitution is delineated in Article 368, which provides the Parliament of India with the authority to amend the document.
Emergency Provisions and Amendment History: Key Constitutional Shifts
Features such as judicial review, secularism, federalism, and the sovereignty of the Parliament are generally considered integral to this basic structure, preventing the Parliament from exercising absolute supremacy. Recent Amendments and Contemporary Debates More perspective on Amendments to the constitution of india can make the topic easier to follow by connecting earlier points with a few simple takeaways.
The amendment process is categorized into three distinct types based on the required level of consensus. This was followed by the monumental 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, often referred to as the "Mini-Constitution," which was enacted during the Emergency period.
Emergency Provisions Amendment History and Constitutional Evolution
This amendment significantly expanded the scope of the Parliament's amending power, curtailed the right to property, and imposed fundamental duties on citizens. The Doctrine of Basic Structure A pivotal constraint on the amending power emerged from the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v.
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