Features such as judicial review, secularism, federalism, and the sovereignty of the Parliament are generally considered integral to this basic structure, preventing the Parliament from exercising absolute supremacy. Furthermore, the 86th Amendment Act of 2002 made free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 a fundamental right, while the 103rd Amendment provided for 10% reservation for economically weaker sections, demonstrating the Constitution's continued evolution to address contemporary inequalities.
Expanding Fundamental Rights: Key Constitutional Amendments
The Constitution of India stands as the supreme legal framework governing the world’s largest democracy, a living document meticulously crafted to guide the nation’s progress. The amendment process is categorized into three distinct types based on the required level of consensus.
The First Amendment Act of 1951, for instance, introduced the Ninth Schedule, thereby shielding certain laws from judicial review on the grounds of violating fundamental rights. These amendments to the constitution of india reflect the dynamic nature of governance, addressing emerging challenges while preserving the foundational principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Key Expansions on Fundamental Rights Through Constitutional Amendments
" This doctrine has acted as a safeguard against arbitrary or destructive amendments, ensuring that the Constitution retains its core identity. Understanding this intricate process is essential for comprehending how India’s legal and political structure has been shaped over decades.
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