This victory, immediately followed by the American landings in French North Africa (Operation Torch), created a pincer movement that squeezed Axis forces and demonstrated the effectiveness of the Grand Alliance between the British Empire and the United States. The liberation of Paris in August 1944 and the crossing of the Rhine in 1945 were not the causes of victory but the direct consequences of the turning points that had already doomed the Axis.
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This psychological and material disaster shifted the initiative to the Soviets, who began a relentless advance that would carry them to Berlin. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, codenamed Operation Barbarossa, initially seemed unstoppable, capturing vast territories and inflicting catastrophic losses.
The Eastern Front: The Crucible of Defeat For years, historians viewed the Eastern Front as the central theater whose outcome dictated the war's end. The North African Campaign, culminating in the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942, secured the Suez Canal and marked the end of Axis expansion in the region.
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The failure of Operation Barbarossa and the Soviet victory at the Battle of Moscow in the winter of 1941-1942 demonstrated that Nazi Germany could be defeated on the ground, transforming the war from a matter of European dominance into a global struggle with an eventual two-front reality. By destroying aircraft factories and crippling fighter production, the Allies achieved air supremacy.
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