Crucially, King Victor Emmanuel III, fearing a bloody civil war and doubting the loyalty of the army, refused to declare martial law. As his Fascist Party grew, he carefully calibrated his message, shifting from revolutionary overthrow to the promise of national revival, which allowed him to build a broad coalition of supporters wary of socialist revolution.
How Mussolini Secured Dictatorial Power in Italy
Rise of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento In this climate of uncertainty, Mussolini, a former socialist journalist and war veteran, founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919. The Legal Framework of Authoritarian Rule.
Contrary to popular myth, the march was not a spontaneous uprising but a calculated display of force. His new movement blended elements of nationalism, revolutionary rhetoric, and anti-communism, attracting war veterans, discontented middle-class citizens, and industrialists who feared a communist uprising.
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Mussolini deliberately cultivated an image of strength and discipline, deploying squads of Blackshirts to violently disrupt socialist meetings and protect property, effectively positioning himself as the only force capable of restoring order. Over the next year, he utilized emergency decrees, manipulated electoral laws, and neutralized potential rivals through a combination of persuasion and intimidation.
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