Key Events Leading to Resolution Determining when did the Cold War end requires examining a series of pivotal events in the late 1980s. Simultaneously, economic stagnation and the immense financial burden of the arms race weakened the Soviet state, making the old model of control unsustainable.
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This wave of change was largely driven by internal populations, emboldened by Gorbachev's refusal to intervene militarily, a stark contrast to past Soviet actions in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968). Within a year, communist governments in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and beyond had peacefully crumbled.
His policies of *glasnost* (openness) and *perestroika* (restructuring) were intended to revitalize the Soviet system but inadvertently loosened the rigid control over Eastern Europe. While the alliance between the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union held to defeat Nazi Germany, deep ideological differences and mutual suspicion began to fracture the partnership almost immediately.
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There were significant moments of relaxation and diplomatic engagement, often driven by the ever-present threat of nuclear annihilation. This period, often defined more by a climate of tension than by direct military conflict between the superpowers, shaped international relations for nearly half a century.
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