Subsequent Wars and Evolving Borders. The Rise of Modern Political Zionism The modern iteration of the Jewish national movement emerged in the late 19th century in response to rising antisemitism in Europe, particularly following the Dreyfus Affair in France.
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Independence and Immediate Conflict On 14 May 1948, as the British Mandate expired, David Ben-Gurion, head of the Jewish Agency, declared the establishment of the State of Israel. This long history of vulnerability and resilience fostered a deep cultural continuity while nurturing the persistent dream of return to Zion, encapsulated in prayers and rituals performed for generations.
This period witnessed significant Jewish immigration (Aliyah) and land purchase, building the infrastructure for a future state despite escalating tensions with the Arab population. The era of the Judges and the subsequent United Monarchy under Kings David and Solomon cemented Jerusalem as a spiritual and political center.
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For nearly two millennia, Jewish communities persisted in the face of fluctuating fortunes, periods of relative tolerance, and relentless persecution, including expulsions, pogroms, and systemic discrimination across Europe and the Middle East. British Mandate and the Path to Declaration In the aftermath of World War I, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine, tasking it with facilitating the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people.
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