This alliance with Nazi Germany, formalized by the Pact of Steel in 1939, was a catastrophic miscalculation. In 1938, Mussolini enacted the Italian Racial Laws, stripping Jewish citizens of their rights, property, and citizenship.
Mussolini's Cult of Personality and Propaganda Machine
Expansionist Policies and Military Aggression Driven by the fascist ideology of creating a new Roman Empire, Mussolini pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy. Social Control and Racial Laws As the war turned against them, the fascist regime intensified its repression.
State-controlled media, youth organizations like the Balilla, and grandiose public works projects such as the draining of the Pontine Marshes were used to foster a sense of national rejuvenation. He outlawed opposition parties, suppressed trade unions, and established a one-party state.
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This marked a horrifying alignment with Nazi racial ideology, leading to deportations and deaths in concentration camps. His ascent to power was not a sudden coup but a calculated march through the institutions of democracy, culminating in his appointment as Prime Minister in 1922.
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