Economic devastation and systemic corruption in countries like Eritrea and Somalia further compounded the push factors, rendering life unsustainable for vast segments of the population and making the perilous journey northward appear as the only viable option for survival. Simultaneously, the conflict in Ukraine's Donbas region intensified, while instability in Afghanistan, Iraq, and parts of the Horn of Africa created a pervasive environment of insecurity.
2015 Migration Crisis Untold Story: The Hidden Drivers and Global Impact
Germany, under Chancellor Angela Merkel, initially adopted a comparatively open-door policy, which was later tempered by stricter border controls. The EU scrambled to bolster external border controls through agencies like Frontex and negotiated controversial agreements with Turkey and Libya to stem the flow, measures that drew significant criticism from human rights organizations.
Meanwhile, the Western Balkan route saw thousands traversing on foot from Greece through the Republic of North Macedonia and Serbia, aiming for eventual entry into the European Union. Equally treacherous was the Central Mediterranean route from Libya to Italy, where smugglers packed desperate individuals into unseaworthy boats, leading to a devastatingly high number of drownings in the waters that would come to symbolize the crisis's human cost.
2015 Migration Crisis Untold Story: Unseen Drivers and Global Impact
The Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to the Greek islands became a notorious corridor, frequently overcrowded with flimsy vessels ill-equipped for the Aegean Sea's volatility. European Union Response and Policy Shifts The sheer scale of arrivals quickly overwhelmed the existing frameworks for asylum processing, forcing the European Union into reactive and often fragmented measures.
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